Conformity and Convenience in Friedrich Durrenmatts The...

Friedrich Durrenmatt’s epic tragicomedy The Visit is a haunting commentary on the nature of mankind and morality. Bringing to the surface many questions about the difference between justice and revenge, the play is constructed in a way that leaves the reader at once perplexed and conflicted. The difference between right and wrong is often overlooked and even contorted in order to conform with convenience as the citizens of the town become more desperate. The Visit is both a philosophical masterpiece and a harrowing tale of conditional morality. From the very first mention of the millionairess Claire Zachanassian, the reader is barraged with philosophical questions about the difference between right and wrong. Ill shares stories about†¦show more content†¦Ill returns to work after the Claire Zachanassian proposition and is met by several citizens of Guellen who are suddenly spending money quite frivolously. Several customers enter the store and buy the more expensive alternatives to their usual brandy and tobacco, and two women enter in brand new yellow shoes. Alll claim that they have bought these luxurious items â€Å"on account.† Upon realizing that the town is spending money they don’t have in anticipation of the Zachanassian reward for Ill’s murder, Ill becomes terrified. He begins to throw his wares at his customers and screams, â€Å"How are you going to pay? How? How (Durrenmatt 46)?† After Ill comes to this horrifying realization, he immediately demands the arrest of Claire. The Policeman, however, informs Ill that there is no grounds to arrest Claire. He tells Ill,† We would only have a case of incitement of murder if the proposal to murder you were meant seriously. (Durrenmatt 48).† The Policeman goes on to tell Ill to enjoy the good business, to be overjoyed. This new-found sense of optimism is no coincidence, though. The Policeman reveals to Ill that he also has bought new shoes and is now drinking more expensive beer, but is unable to tell Ill how he plans to pay for these items. As the scene progresses, it becomes more and more

Empowering Women through Courtly Love Essay - 1153 Words

During the Medieval time period, a woman would generally be forced to depend upon a man for her livelihood. However, in the world of courtly love, some could say that this was the first idea of goddess worship. Where the man is unable to survive without his beloved. As a result of this, her love causes him to achieve noble deeds, and become obedient to her in hopes of winning her affection. In The Lais of Marie de France, specifically Chevrefoil and Yonec, the author does not follow all of the rules of courtly love, yet she does illustrate to the reader the relationship between the man and his woman. She describes the beauty, intelligence, and wisdom of her female characters, giving them power over the men who love them. While Marie de†¦show more content†¦She is the one with the upper hand in the relationship, and the one with more power. The queen not only fails to express her sadness during times of separation, but she also fails to verbally express her love and need for him. This also gives her more power, leaving the man vulnerable and feeling as though he must fulfill her every desire in order to win her love. Throughout Chevrefoil, the queen never proclaims her love for Tristram. Instead, the only time her love for him is declared is when Tristram himself declares it: Sweet love, so it is with us: without me you cannot survive, nor I without you (â€Å"Chevrefoil† 110). At this point, it is unclear to the reader if the queen actually loves him, or if she is just using the power she holds over him to get what she wants. Through Tristrams declaration of love, it is very evident that he is unable to survive without her. He would certainly stop at nothing to keep the queen at his side, as his nobility depends on it. In Yonec, the woman continues to use the man as she sees fit. After being locked in a tower for years, the lady is in great distress (â€Å"Yonec† 86). Burgess describes the man she was married to as intensely je alous. At this point, the lady is yearning for a man, and when one just happens to conveniently appear in her chamber and professes his undying love for her, she is overwhelmingly quick to take advantageShow MoreRelatedWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay2705 Words   |  11 Pagesabout women in ways that objectify and try to control them because back then women were not given much agency in society. The women that are being portrayed in this type of literature about unrequited love are seen as extremely flat characters who are just the objects of affections for the narrator. This is problematic as it just portrays women as someone for the narrator of the poem to pin over although women are so much more than that. However, there are some authors trying to empower women and acknowledgeRead MoreThe One and Only Wife of Bath Essay2762 Words   |  12 Pagesfor Women in the Middle Ages to be striped of equality and bow to the otherwise male dominated society. For the representation of w omen Chaucer uses the Tales of â€Å"The Scholar†, â€Å"The Second Nun â€Å"The Reeve’s†, and â€Å"The Franklin† and many others in a very dry, pretentious manner to steer readers into the view of how a women of the Middle Ages should be as a so called â€Å"virtuous† wife or woman. The concept of marriage plays a major part in manifesting the idea of the issues of inferiority of women. The

Legal and Ethical issues in Healthcare Patient

Question: Discuss about the Legal and Ethical issues in Healthcare Patient. Answer: Introduction Healthcare is a vital sector because of the role it plays in the community through improving the life of individuals. The beauty of life experienced when every member of a family is well and has no health problems. Diseases among other health issues might disrupt the peace of a family, mostly in cases where provider suffers. Also, children are important to their parents and the extended family because they are future of the society and parents invest in them to help them enjoy life. Therefore, when they suffer health problems, the true meaning of life is lost and the victims have to find ways to make them get well (Cohen, 2013). The aim of the health sector is to help the community to fight health issues that are experienced from time to time. Letting a person is never an option because there are ethical and legal guidelines that protect life. Some discussions have been developed about withdrawing intensive care plans for patients who have no chances of recovery. Law and ethical considerations do not support such decisions because they would deny the patients the right to live. This paper will provide legal and ethical views and discussions of a similar case study where a patient was to be removed in an intensive care plan and decision conflicts were experienced between mother and the wife (Unesco.org, 2017). Legal Issues Edward had been suffering from Type 1 diabetes for a long time and he was managing the condition quite well. Although he had started experiencing some pain on the sore muscles, he was not sure about the kind of health issue that was to come. His remarks to Genevieve about not visiting the doctor was nave about the possibility of the condition worsening. Since every individual has the right to make personal health decisions, his wife could not force him to have a medical check-up. However, the Healthcare act 2008 administrates for a healthy community and determined to protect the right of the citizens and their welfare (Stirton, 2017). It is also allowed that when a patient is not in a position to make health decision due to severe illness, the next of kin or family members should provide required decisional support. Every individual in the country has the right to quality health care, hence care providers having the right to provide services even in cases where individuals are unable to control their senses (Albuquerque, 2014). Before Edwards family realised that his health condition had worsened, he had already been taken to the hospital because he was found unconscious in his room as he went out of town to pursue his musical career. According to the law, an unconscious person should be provided with first aid services before achieving consciousness or the family members available to make health care decisions. Therefore, because any medical plan is implemented for Edwards case, his mother Una or Genevieve must have been there to support the decision. Also, in any case, if by any chance the first aid care helped him to gain consciousness, he would also make decisions on whether the doctor to implement the suggested treatment plan. If the doctors decide to engage into treatment process without consulting Edwards family, they would be answerable for any misfortunes that might happen because of the treatment. For instance, if the patient dies in the process, the victim family would be having the right sue the involved doctors or the institution as a whole. Informed consent is not about letting the patient or the responsible decision maker sign the paper, rather it is about ensuring that all the treatment process and involved risks are well understood. In such situations, the decision maker will be in a position to weigh all the possible options to choose the best for patients' welfare. Therefore, the medical institution or the doctor should provide sufficient information to ensure that the decision made is not dependent or limited to some special factors. Some of the principle to be followed in the discussions are frankness, two-way communication, well-balanced and being considerate. After the patient of the decision maker has been providing with the information, enough time is provided to the concerned to make consultations and developed the final decision. The decision should always be in favour of the patients welfare (Spofford, Easker, 2015). The law imposes the right to signing an informed consent on behalf of a patient if there is a legal relationship and the individual is not a minor. Una is Edward's biological mother and in that case, she has the right to make a decision on behalf of him because of his state. On the other side, Edward is legally married to Genevieve, who also acquires rights under the law to decide health decision on his behalf. Although Edward has two children, they are not in a position make health decision and sign the informed consent because they are minor according to the law. Therefore, since Una, Edwards mother Genevieve have the legal right to decide what kind of treatment should be imposed, they should discuss and make final decisions they sign the informed consent (Unesco.org, 2017). Decision conflicts are always expected in an occasion where two or more individuals are involved. In Edwards case, it is important as a medical practitioner to ensure that both the wife and mother agree on one option before acting. There some procedures to handle these type of disagreements in favour of the patient. Firstly, the decision makers to be put in a counselling process and engagement process to understand benefits and risks of every possible option. As a family, they should synthesise what they would wish for they patient. Evaluation should also be conducted by the medical practitioners to select the less risk decision to be implemented (Devettere, 2016). In this case, Unas decision should be followed because it assumes less risk to Edward's health. According to her, more time should be provided to watch if he will recover. Afterwards, she can agree to the withdrawal of the medical services after she finds that he will be able to recover. Moreover, providing more time can l ead to Edward's recovery, hence bringing joy to the family (Taylor, 2015). Several factors should be considered before withdrawing Edwards intensive care plan. Firstly, the chances of him recovering should be highly relied on, whereby specialist would provide the best advice. It would be against the health care act to withdraw medical support on a patient who has chances of survival or recovery for those in coma and brain defect. Also, the family capability of keeping the patient in the intensive care plan should also be a factor. If they are able to provide the required financial support and they are willing to pay, the patient should be supported until the last moments. In the case of Edward, her mother is willing to do what she can to ensure that the medical support is not withdrawn, just to him a chance of recovery. Therefore, the medical practitioners should offer the best possible medical support to Edward. Ethical Issues Based on the Bioethics and Human Rights declarations have been developed to govern the welfare of people. In concurrence to Edwards Case, I would base more effort on article 4 and 6, which talks about Benefit Harm and consent respectively. The benefit and harm principle adjudicates for maximisation of any sort of direct or indirect benefits to the patients. On the other side, it also states that any form of harm should be minimised for the sake of patients welfare. Therefore, Edwards treatment should be conducted in such a manner that it is of best possible benefit. If Edward recovers, he would be very happy, which makes the treatment to be the first priority of the medical procedure. Withdrawing the intensive care plan would be harming the patient, hence being against article 4 of Universal declaration of bioethics. Article seven states that therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive measures should be offered to patients after a prior consent has been read, understood and signed by the responsible party. According to the domestic law, authorisation should also be obtained and conducted based on the interests of the responsible individual (Alrc.gov.au, 2017). Therefore, since the interest of Edwards mother is to keep him in the care plan for more months, that decision should be respected by the medical practitioners. Even after deciding to continue providing medical care to Edward, it only through her when the consent can be withdrawn. There are possible conflicts that might arise between the principles such as disagreement on already signed informed consent. For instance, an unconscious patient might gain consciousness and notice that the health decision are not according to personal will (Battard, 2013). Also, a conflict might arise in cases where the patient might have made remarks that do not concur with the will of the laws. Edward had stated that he would never wish to be in a position where he cannot take care of himself, which leads her wife to decide to opt for the withdrawal of the care plan. On the other side, the principle of benefit and harm states that any medical practice should maximise health benefit of the patient (Yu et.al, 2016). Therefore, withdrawing the services would be causing harm to him, although it could be according to his wish. Such conflict might be challenging to handle, mostly in cases where the patient is not in a position to make the consent. It would be unethical to let a patient suffer because there is nobody to sign the informed consent. Although the healthcare is supposed to be providing best health care to the patients, some medical procedure might be having a high level of success. Medical practitioners who decide to help the patients might end up being accused of implementing medical procedures without letting the patient's family make the decision on the same (Petrini, 2016). In sometimes it is ambiguous because conflicts might not arise when a life is saved. Therefore, based on human right and ethical considerations, the best decision should be made by the medical practitioners among other decision makers. In cases of conflict between human rights and bioethics, the concerned should perform a benefit and risk analysis before relying on one side (Pozgar, 2013). Conflicts, especially in health, should be ethically solved to avoid external issues that might follow. In Edward's case, the first step in solving the conflict on whether to withdraw medical care or not is to determine if there is an ethical issue or dilemma. The main ethical issue is that the life of Edward will be lost because they decided to pull off the supporting health services. Secondly is to identify the principles and values associated with the issues. As discussed above, any medical practice should be aimed at maximising direct and indirect benefits, hence reducing harm. The involved principles should always be ranked to concentrate on values that are of much importance compared to the others (Kerridge, Lowe, Stewart, 2013). In this case, the life of Edward is much important and if there is any practice that can benefit his health, it should be retained or implemented. An action should be developed that considers ethical values and human right principles (Saul, 2013). After every party agrees on the plan, the implementation plan should be commenced immediately. Finally, an evaluation of the consequences of the plan should be conducted. For instance, if Edwards care plan is withdrawn, Genevieve might regret in future thinking that maybe he would have survived. Therefore, before implementing any plan, all the above should be considered to avoid future issues (Fee, Belland, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, human rights and ethical considerations should be the basis of a decision on whether to withdraw the support or not. It might be hard to weight between Genevieve, Una and Edward previous wishes about his life. Consultations between family members and specialists should be conducted to ensure that the final decision does not hurt either of the parties (Wall, 2014). References Albuquerque, A. (2014). Interculturalism, bioethics perspectives, and human rights. Global Bioethics, 25(2), 81-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11287462.2014.920162 Alrc.gov.au, (2017). Informed consent to medical treatment | ALRC. Alrc.gov.au. Retrieved 23 March 2017, from https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/10-review-state-and-territory-legislation/informed-consent-medical-treatment Battard, J. (2013). Informed Consent. Jona?s Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation, 15(4), 145-146. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nhl.0000000000000019 Cohen, I. (2013). Globalization of Health Care (1st Ed.). Cary: Oxford University Press, USA. Devettere, R. (2016). Practical decision making in health care ethics (1st Ed.). Georgetown: University Press. Fee, S., Belland, B. (2012). The role of criticism in understanding problem solving (1st Ed.). New York, NY: Springer. Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and law for the health professions (4th Ed.). The Federation Press. Petrini, C. (2016). Organ Allocation Policies 10Years after UNESCO's Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Transplantation Proceedings, 48(2), 296-298. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.059 Pozgar, G. (2013). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals (1st Ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Saul, P. (2013). Neat model for ethical problem solving. The Medical Journal of Australia, 199(7), 511. https://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10868 Spofford, C., Easker, D. (2015). Unresponsive Patient in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit. Mededportal Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10005 Stirton, R. (2017). The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: A Litany of Fundamental Flaws? The Modern Law Review, 80(2), 299-324. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12255 Taylor, H. (2015). Legal and ethical issues in end of life care: implications for primary health care. Primary Health Care, 25(5), 34-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.25.5.34.e1032 Unesco.org, (2017). Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Unesco.org. Retrieved 23 March 2017, from https://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/bioethics/bioethics-and-human-rights/ Wall, J. (2014). Human Rights Reasoning and Medical Law: A Sceptical Essay. Bioethics, 29(3), 162-170. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12083 Yu, T., Holbrook, J., Thorne, J., Puhan, M. (2016). Using a patient-centered approach to benefit-harm assessment in treatment decision-making: a case study in uveitis. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 25(4), 363-371. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.3959

Symbolism Of Macbeth Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Symbolism Of Macbeth Essay, Research Paper The calamity of Macbeth is filled with dry and symbolic elements. Throughout the drama Shakespeare uses a assortment of clauses to typify both good and evil. The four major images he uses are light and darkness, the figure three, birds, and blood. The contrast of visible radiation and darkness is shown throughout the drama. The visible radiation symbolizes life and felicity, while the darkness symbolizes evil and decease. Before Macbeth slayings Duncan there is a great trade of light shown in the drama. After the slaying the visible radiation bends into darkness, non merely the darkness of decease, nevertheless but besides the darkness of immorality. The slaying has forced Macbeth to suffer from insomnia. After the slaying he states exclaims, ? Sleep no more! /Macbeth does slay kip? # 8230 ; ? Glamis hath murdered slumber, and therefore/Clawdor/Shall sleep no more. Macbeth shall kip no more? ( II, ii,46-47,54-57 ) He can non agitate the memories and guilt he feels about slaying Duncan. Lady Macbeth besides suffers from the darkness. At first she is non affected by the slaying ; nevertheless in the terminal she is the individual who suffers the most. In the concluding yearss of her life, Lady Macbeth start to kip walk. She is unable to fell from the deep horrors of the darkness and her fright of find. She is afraid of the dark and uses the visible radiation to attempt to conceal from the devils of the dark, in an effort to rid of her devils. In Act V, the physician and the dame ticker Lady Macbeth walk into the visible radiation from the darkness of sleeping: Doctor: ? How came she by that light. # 8221 ; Gentlewoman: # 8221 ; Why, it stood by her. She has light by her continually. # 8216 ; Tis her bid # 8221 ; ( V, i,23-25 ) . Here Lady Macbeth commands that she has light by her at all times, to assist flight from the darkness. The contrast of visible radiation and dark is portrayed so drastically to demo that the workss of darkness, the slaying, overshadow the visible radiation. The figure three is used throughout the drama as a symbol of immorality. The figure itself traditionally is considered to be luckless. The first clip the figure appears is in the 4th scene of the drama with the three enchantresss, or eldritch sisters. First enchantress: ? Thrice the brindled cat that mewed. # 8221 ; Second enchantress: ? Thrice, and one time the hedge-pig whined. # 8221 ; First enchantress: ? Dayss and darks has thirty-one # 8221 ; ( IV, i,1,2,7 ) . Another illustration is the three phantoms give to Macbeth at his 2nd visit with the enchantresss. Macbeth # 8217 ; s name is called three clip before called before they, the enchantresss speak. First Enchantress: ? All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. ? Second Enchantress: ? All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! ? Third Enchantress: ? All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king afterlife! ? ( I, iii,51-53 ) The word three is shown in other context as good. The Porter in Act II seems to be supplying some amusing alleviation for the audience, but it goes deeper than that. He explains to the audience that the figure three and imbibing does non brand for a good mix. He shows that the two play a major function in the drama. Porter: # 8221 ; # 8230 ; and imbibe, sir, is a great instigator of three things # 8221 ; ( II, iii,25-26 ) . Here he may be mentioning to the three fatal phantom that the three enchantresss are to finally state Macbeth about. Birds besides are mentioned in the drama to typify both good and evil, frequently paralleling the visible radiation and darkness subject. The marlet and Wrens are used to typify goodness, while the Corvus corax and bird of Minerva are used to typify immorality. The Corvus corax, is used to state of the courier that informs Lady Macbeth that King Duncan is coming. Lady Macbeth exclaims, ? The Corvus corax himself is hoarse/That croaks the fatal entryway of Duncan. # 8221 ; Not merely is the Corvus corax # 8217 ; s voice is traditionally thought to be a call of decease, but is besides a symbol of decease itself along with evil and darkness. The bird of Minerva, besides shown as a symbol of darkness and immorality, is used throughout the drama. The bird of Minerva is a bird of the dark and appears many times as an portent of decease and immorality. Once once more Lady Macbeth exclaims: ? It was the bird of Minerva that shrieked, the fatal bellboy, /Which gives the austere # 8217 ; st good-nite # 8221 ; ( II,2,5-6 ) . Again in Act II, in Old Man? s conversation with Ross, he states, ? A falcon, tow? pealing in her pride of topographic point, /Was by a mousing bird of Minerva hawked at and killed. ? ( II, iv,15-16 ) This statement by the Old Man suggests that the dark bird, the bird of immorality and darkness, has eventually struck, with the slaying of Duncan. Then in Act IV, the bird of Minerva comes back to hangout once more, this clip to feed on Lady Macduff: ? The most bantam of birds will contend, /Her immature 1s in her nest, against the owl. ? Lennox negotiations of an? vague bird? that? Clamored the livelong dark? ( II, iii,67-68 ) . One might reason that this? vague bird? that he speaks of is the bird of Minerva. Shakespeare uses blood to typify many events, runing from award for a triumph good won to guilt from malicious slaying of a great male monarch. The first mention to blood we find in the drama portray # 8220 ; blood # 8221 ; as good and honest. King Duncan pronounces # 8220 ; What bloody adult male is that? # 8221 ; ( I, i,1 ) sing an evidently bloody soldier after he has fought a long gurgling conflict to protect Malcolm. The blood here symbolizes goodness and award. A few lines farther, blood is once more shown as a symbol of award. The Captain, mentioning to Macbeth, rejoices with the triumph of their conflict and says, # 8221 ; Contemning Fortune, with brandished steel, /Which smoked with bloody execution. # 8221 ; ( I, ii,19-20 ) These are a few rare happenings in the drama that portray # 8220 ; blood # 8221 ; as good and honest. From this point on the mentions to blood are used to typify immorality, instead than goodness and award. The scene is that of the slaying of King Duncan. After Macbeth slayings Duncan, he returns to his room where the male monarch # 8217 ; s blood has saturated Macbeth # 8217 ; s custodies. Lady Macbeth tells her hubby to travel and border the sleeping guards for the title, # 8220 ; Go, carry them and smear/The sleepy grooms with blood. # 8221 ; ( II, ii,63-64 ) Macbeth does so and he besides tries to rinse his custodies with H2O to unclutter his name of the title, as his married woman had instructed him to make, but is unable to free his scruples of the guilt ; ? Will all great Neptunes? s ocean wash this blood/Clean from my manus? No, this my manus will rather/The countless seas incarnadine # 8230 ; ? ( II, ii,78-80 ) This clip the # 8220 ; blood # 8221 ; symbolizes the evil title of slaying King Duncan. Blood once more, as immorality, appears in Act V. Here Lady Macbeth is enduring from the guilt of the slaying, she says # 8220 ; Out, damned topographic point, out, I say! # 8230 ; Yet who would hold thought the old man/to have had so much blood in him? # 8230 ; Here # 8217 ; s the odor of the blood still. All/the aromas of Arabia will non dulcify this little/hand. O, O, O! # 8221 ; ( V, i,37,41-42,53-55 ) The guilt of the evil slaying has gotten the best of Lady Macbeth and has caused her to hold devils. The guilt seemed to hold overtaken Macbeth at foremost, nevertheless he was able to rid of the feeling. Lady Macbeth on the other manus seemed to non to be shaken by the slaying at first, but in the terminal, the monolithic guilt caused the decease of her. Shakespeare uses a assortment of symbolism to better depict the state of affairss that occur throughout the calamity. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth suffer from the immorality and darkness that is illustrated in the drama, through the usage of symbolism.